The original complex numerical system of the Latin language is simplified into having only thre forms, i.e. Cardinal, Ordinal, and Adverbial. Also, the declension of the number 1, 2, and three still exist, The reason for the declension of the numeral 1 has also served as the Romance indefinite article which automatically needs to be declined. The declension of 1 is like first & second adjective declension while 3 is the third declension. Numeral 2 is irregular.
1: unus, a, um
2: duo, duae, duo
3: tres, tria
4: quatuor
5: quinqque
6: sex
7: septem
8: octo
9: novem
10: decem
11: unus et decem
12: duo et decem
18: duodeviginti
19: undeviginti
20: vinti
21: unus et viginti
28: duodetriginta
29: undetriginta
30: triginta
40: quadraginta
50: quinginta
60: sexuaginta
70: septuaginta
80: octuaginta
90: nonginta
100: centum
200: ducenti
300: trecenti
400: quatricenti
500: quincenti
600: sescenti
700: septincenti
800: octincenti
900: noncenti
1000: mille
2000: duo milia
10000: decem milia
100000: centum milia
1000000: millionis
1000000000: miliardus
-two-
Nom. plr. duo, duae, duo
Gen. plr. duorum, duarum, duorum
Acc. plr. duos, duas, duo
Abl. plr. duobus, duabus, duobus
Sabtu, 05 April 2008
Verb Conjugation
The verbs are consisted of three conjugation class, the third conjugation from Latin is assimilated with the second conjugation, and the fourth conjugation becomes the third conjugation. Also, there are deponent verbs which has been turned to normal verbs. But, the irregular verbs stay irregular. The tenses are Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect. The moods are Indicative, Conditional, and Imperative. Arabic originated verbs are conjugated into normal Latin verbs.
The first conjugations infinitive ends with -are, second wi
Non Finite
Infinitive: portare, tenere, venire
Present Participle: portans, credere, veniens
Perfect Participle: portatus, creditus, ventus
Gerund: portandus, crediendus, veniendus
The order of conjugations are 1st sing., 2nd sing., 3rd sing., 1st plr., 2nd plr, 3rd plr. And to form the passive voice of
Present Indicative Active
First conjugation Second conjugation Third conjugation
porto credo venio
portas credis venis
portat credit venit
portamus credemus venimus
portatis creditis venitis
portant credunt veniunt
Present Subjunctive Active
First conjugation Second conjugation Third conjugation
portem credam veniam
portes credas venias
portet credat veniat
portemus credamus veniamus
portetis credatis veniatis
portent credant veniant
Present Indicative Passive
First conjugation Second conjugation Third conjugation
portatus sum creditus sum venitus sum
portatus es creditus es venitus es
portatus est creditus est venitus est
portati sumus crediti sumus veniti sumus
portati estis crediti estis veniti estis
portati sunt crediti sunt veniti sunt
Present Subjunctive Passive
First conjugation Second conjugation Third conjugation
portatus sim creditus sim venitus sim
portatus sis creditus sis venitus sis
portatus sit creditus sit venitus sit
portati simus crediti simus veniti simus
portati sitis crediti sitis veniti sitis
portati sint crediti sint veniti sint
The first conjugations infinitive ends with -are, second wi
Non Finite
Infinitive: portare, tenere, venire
Present Participle: portans, credere, veniens
Perfect Participle: portatus, creditus, ventus
Gerund: portandus, crediendus, veniendus
The order of conjugations are 1st sing., 2nd sing., 3rd sing., 1st plr., 2nd plr, 3rd plr. And to form the passive voice of
Present Indicative Active
First conjugation Second conjugation Third conjugation
porto credo venio
portas credis venis
portat credit venit
portamus credemus venimus
portatis creditis venitis
portant credunt veniunt
Present Subjunctive Active
First conjugation Second conjugation Third conjugation
portem credam veniam
portes credas venias
portet credat veniat
portemus credamus veniamus
portetis credatis veniatis
portent credant veniant
Present Indicative Passive
First conjugation Second conjugation Third conjugation
portatus sum creditus sum venitus sum
portatus es creditus es venitus es
portatus est creditus est venitus est
portati sumus crediti sumus veniti sumus
portati estis crediti estis veniti estis
portati sunt crediti sunt veniti sunt
Present Subjunctive Passive
First conjugation Second conjugation Third conjugation
portatus sim creditus sim venitus sim
portatus sis creditus sis venitus sis
portatus sit creditus sit venitus sit
portati simus crediti simus veniti simus
portati sitis crediti sitis veniti sitis
portati sint crediti sint veniti sint
Jumat, 04 April 2008
Noun Declension
As in Latin and Arabic, noun function is determined by cases. Because this language is 'Arabised' the original Latin cases is reduced to a few cases and because it is -although this constructed language based on Classical Latin it is also must atleast in a few forms resemble Vulgar Latin since the 'real' Mozarabic comes from Vulgar Latin- simplified.
The cases for Latin substantives are nominative, genitive, accusative, prepositional/ablative. To make a dative case, put the Latin preposition 'a' a contraction of 'ad' to the ablative/prepositional case.
For Latin words there are the original 5 types of declension.
First declension
(noun used as example: puella a feminine gendered word)
-Singular
Nom. puella
Gen. puellae
Acc. puellam
Abl. puella
-Plural
Nom. puellae
Gen. puellarum
Acc. puellas
Abl. puellis/puellabus
Second declension
(noun used as example for masculine: equus, and for neuter: castellum)
Masculine
-Singular
Nom. equus
Gen. equi
Acc. equum
Abl. equo
-Plural
Nom. equi
Gen. equorum
Acc. equos
Abl. equis/equobus
Neuter
-Singular
Nom. castellum
Gen. castelli
Acc. castellum
Abl. castello
-Plural
Nom. castella
Gen. castellorum
Acc. castella
Abl. castellis/castellobus
Third Declension
(The Classical Latin rules of the i-stem parisyllabic and double consonant rules of the masculine&feminine and the special ending rules of the neuter still exists. Exceptionally for the third declension the dative case singular ends with -i instead of -e, for normal nouns the genitive plural is -um, while the i-stems genitive plural is -ium. Plus, the nominative plural of normal neuter nouns is -a while the i-stem is -ia.)
Masculine
-Singular
Nom. amnis
Gen. amnis
Acc. amnem
Abl. amne
-Plural
Nom. amnes
Gen. amnium
Acc. amnes
Abl. amnibus
Feminine
-Singular
Nom. pars
Gen. partes
Acc. partem
Abl. parte
-Plural
Nom. partes
Gen. partium
Acc. partes
Abl. partibus
Neuter
-Singular
Nom. animal
Gen. animalis
Acc. animal
Abl. animale
-Plural
Nom. animalia
Gen. animalium
Acc. animalia
Abl. animalibus
Forth Declension
Masculine & Feminine
-Singular
Nom. portus
Gen. portui
Acc. portum
Abl. portu
-Plural
Nom.portus
Gen.portuum
Acc.portus
Abl.portubus
Neuter
-Singular
Nom.cornu
Gen.corni
Acc.cornu
Abl.cornu
-Plural
Nom.cornua
Gen.cornuum
Acc.cornua
Abl.cornubus
Fifth Declension
Masculine & Feminine
-Singular
Nom. dies
Gen. diei
Acc. diem
Abl. die
-Plural
Nom. dies
Gen. dierum
Acc. dies
Abl. diebus
Personal Pronoun
-First Person-
-Singular
Nom.ego
Gen.mei
Acc.me
Abl.mi
-Plural
Nom.nos
Gen.noster
Acc.nos
Abl.nobis
-Second Person-
-Singular
Nom.tu
Gen.tui
Acc.te
Abl.te
-Plural
Nom.vos
Gen.vester
Acc.vos
Abl.vobis
-Third Person-
Masculine
-Singular
Nom.is
Gen.eius
Acc.eum
Abl.eo
-Plural
Nom.ei
Gen.eorum
Acc.eos
Abl.eis
Feminine
-Singular
Nom.ea
Gen.eae
Acc.eam
Abl.ea
-Plural
Nom.eae
Gen.earum
Acc.eas
Abl.eis
Neuter
-Singular
Nom.id
Gen.eius
Acc.id
Abl.
-Plural
Nom.ea
Gen.eorum
Acc.ea
Abl.eis
Near Demonstrative Pronoun
Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
-Singular
Nom. eccuiste/-a/-ud
Gen. eccuisti/-ae/-i
Acc. eccuistum/-am/-ud
Abl. eccuisto/-a/-o
-Plural
Nom. eccuisti/-ae/-a
Gen. eccuistorum/-arum/-orum
Acc. eccuistos/-as/-a
Abl. eccuistis/-is/-is
Far Demonstrative Pronoun
Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
-Singular
Nom. eccuille/-a/-um
Gen. eccuilli/-ae/-i
Acc. eccuillum/-am/-um
Abl. eccuillo/-a/-o
-Plural
Nom. eccuilli/ae/a
Gen. eccuillorum/-arum/-orum
Acc. eccuillos/-as/-a
Abl. eccuillis/-is/-is
Definite Article
Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
-Singular
Nom. ille/-a/-um
Gen. illi/-ae/-i
Acc. illum/-am/-um
Abl. illo/-a/-o
-Plural
Nom. illi/ae/a
Gen. illorum/-arum/-orum
Acc. illos/-as/-a
Abl. illis/-is/-is
Interrogative Pronoun
Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
-Singular
Nom. quis/-is/-id
Gen. cuius/-ius/-ius
Acc. quem/-em/-id
Abl. quo/-o/-o
-Plural
Nom. qui/-ae/-ae
Gen. quorum/-arum/-orum
Acc. quos/-as/-ae
Abl. quibus/-ibus/-ibus
The cases for Latin substantives are nominative, genitive, accusative, prepositional/ablative. To make a dative case, put the Latin preposition 'a' a contraction of 'ad' to the ablative/prepositional case.
For Latin words there are the original 5 types of declension.
First declension
(noun used as example: puella a feminine gendered word)
-Singular
Nom. puella
Gen. puellae
Acc. puellam
Abl. puella
-Plural
Nom. puellae
Gen. puellarum
Acc. puellas
Abl. puellis/puellabus
Second declension
(noun used as example for masculine: equus, and for neuter: castellum)
Masculine
-Singular
Nom. equus
Gen. equi
Acc. equum
Abl. equo
-Plural
Nom. equi
Gen. equorum
Acc. equos
Abl. equis/equobus
Neuter
-Singular
Nom. castellum
Gen. castelli
Acc. castellum
Abl. castello
-Plural
Nom. castella
Gen. castellorum
Acc. castella
Abl. castellis/castellobus
Third Declension
(The Classical Latin rules of the i-stem parisyllabic and double consonant rules of the masculine&feminine and the special ending rules of the neuter still exists. Exceptionally for the third declension the dative case singular ends with -i instead of -e, for normal nouns the genitive plural is -um, while the i-stems genitive plural is -ium. Plus, the nominative plural of normal neuter nouns is -a while the i-stem is -ia.)
Masculine
-Singular
Nom. amnis
Gen. amnis
Acc. amnem
Abl. amne
-Plural
Nom. amnes
Gen. amnium
Acc. amnes
Abl. amnibus
Feminine
-Singular
Nom. pars
Gen. partes
Acc. partem
Abl. parte
-Plural
Nom. partes
Gen. partium
Acc. partes
Abl. partibus
Neuter
-Singular
Nom. animal
Gen. animalis
Acc. animal
Abl. animale
-Plural
Nom. animalia
Gen. animalium
Acc. animalia
Abl. animalibus
Forth Declension
Masculine & Feminine
-Singular
Nom. portus
Gen. portui
Acc. portum
Abl. portu
-Plural
Nom.portus
Gen.portuum
Acc.portus
Abl.portubus
Neuter
-Singular
Nom.cornu
Gen.corni
Acc.cornu
Abl.cornu
-Plural
Nom.cornua
Gen.cornuum
Acc.cornua
Abl.cornubus
Fifth Declension
Masculine & Feminine
-Singular
Nom. dies
Gen. diei
Acc. diem
Abl. die
-Plural
Nom. dies
Gen. dierum
Acc. dies
Abl. diebus
Personal Pronoun
-First Person-
-Singular
Nom.ego
Gen.mei
Acc.me
Abl.mi
-Plural
Nom.nos
Gen.noster
Acc.nos
Abl.nobis
-Second Person-
-Singular
Nom.tu
Gen.tui
Acc.te
Abl.te
-Plural
Nom.vos
Gen.vester
Acc.vos
Abl.vobis
-Third Person-
Masculine
-Singular
Nom.is
Gen.eius
Acc.eum
Abl.eo
-Plural
Nom.ei
Gen.eorum
Acc.eos
Abl.eis
Feminine
-Singular
Nom.ea
Gen.eae
Acc.eam
Abl.ea
-Plural
Nom.eae
Gen.earum
Acc.eas
Abl.eis
Neuter
-Singular
Nom.id
Gen.eius
Acc.id
Abl.
-Plural
Nom.ea
Gen.eorum
Acc.ea
Abl.eis
Near Demonstrative Pronoun
Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
-Singular
Nom. eccuiste/-a/-ud
Gen. eccuisti/-ae/-i
Acc. eccuistum/-am/-ud
Abl. eccuisto/-a/-o
-Plural
Nom. eccuisti/-ae/-a
Gen. eccuistorum/-arum/-orum
Acc. eccuistos/-as/-a
Abl. eccuistis/-is/-is
Far Demonstrative Pronoun
Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
-Singular
Nom. eccuille/-a/-um
Gen. eccuilli/-ae/-i
Acc. eccuillum/-am/-um
Abl. eccuillo/-a/-o
-Plural
Nom. eccuilli/ae/a
Gen. eccuillorum/-arum/-orum
Acc. eccuillos/-as/-a
Abl. eccuillis/-is/-is
Definite Article
Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
-Singular
Nom. ille/-a/-um
Gen. illi/-ae/-i
Acc. illum/-am/-um
Abl. illo/-a/-o
-Plural
Nom. illi/ae/a
Gen. illorum/-arum/-orum
Acc. illos/-as/-a
Abl. illis/-is/-is
Interrogative Pronoun
Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
-Singular
Nom. quis/-is/-id
Gen. cuius/-ius/-ius
Acc. quem/-em/-id
Abl. quo/-o/-o
-Plural
Nom. qui/-ae/-ae
Gen. quorum/-arum/-orum
Acc. quos/-as/-ae
Abl. quibus/-ibus/-ibus
Phonology
Despite the original Mozarabic or as I like to say 'real Mozarabic' being spoken in Spain thus more likely to be pronunced similarly to Spanish/Latin/Arabic, I based it on Italian spelling mixed with a little Arabic and Classical Latin.
A : always pronunced like Spanish/Italian/Latin/Arabic.
B : pronunced like arabic 'ba', i.e. the pronunciation is emphasised if the consonant is at the end of a word.
C : pronunced like Italian but not Ecclesiastical Latin, it is still hard when followed by AE and OE. Pronunced like Greek 'theta' in Arabic loan-words.
D : pronunced like arabic 'dal'.
E : pronunced like Italian and Latin.
F : pronunced like Arabic/Italian/Latin.
G : pronunced like Italian, the hard and soft pronunciation rule is similar to 'C'. Always pronunced soft in Arabic loan-words (letter 'jim').
H : pronunced like Arabic and Latin.
I : pronunced like Spanish/Italian/Latin/Arabic.
K : only applied to Arabic words.
L : like Italian/Arab/Latin pronunciation.
M : like Arabic/Spanish/Italian.
N : like Arabic/Italian/Latin.
O : like Italian/Latin/Spanish.
P : like Italian/Latin/Spanish.
Q : like Arabic but the 'u' following the 'qi is still written and pronunced except in Arabic loan-words.
R : like Italian/Latin/Spanish.
S : like Italian/Latin/Spanish.
T : like Latin.
U : like Arabic/Italian/Latin.
V : like Italian/Latin but pronunced like 'w' when used in Arabic loan-words.
X : Italian/Latin except in Arabic loan-words which the pronunciation is always like 'ch' in German.
Y : Greek loans.
Z : Greek loans.
Diphthongs and Triphthongs are pronunced like Classical Latin. Vowel length is ignored except in final position where, in Latin can change the function of a substantive and in Arabic words where length is vital.
A : always pronunced like Spanish/Italian/Latin/Arabic.
B : pronunced like arabic 'ba', i.e. the pronunciation is emphasised if the consonant is at the end of a word.
C : pronunced like Italian but not Ecclesiastical Latin, it is still hard when followed by AE and OE. Pronunced like Greek 'theta' in Arabic loan-words.
D : pronunced like arabic 'dal'.
E : pronunced like Italian and Latin.
F : pronunced like Arabic/Italian/Latin.
G : pronunced like Italian, the hard and soft pronunciation rule is similar to 'C'. Always pronunced soft in Arabic loan-words (letter 'jim').
H : pronunced like Arabic and Latin.
I : pronunced like Spanish/Italian/Latin/Arabic.
K : only applied to Arabic words.
L : like Italian/Arab/Latin pronunciation.
M : like Arabic/Spanish/Italian.
N : like Arabic/Italian/Latin.
O : like Italian/Latin/Spanish.
P : like Italian/Latin/Spanish.
Q : like Arabic but the 'u' following the 'qi is still written and pronunced except in Arabic loan-words.
R : like Italian/Latin/Spanish.
S : like Italian/Latin/Spanish.
T : like Latin.
U : like Arabic/Italian/Latin.
V : like Italian/Latin but pronunced like 'w' when used in Arabic loan-words.
X : Italian/Latin except in Arabic loan-words which the pronunciation is always like 'ch' in German.
Y : Greek loans.
Z : Greek loans.
Diphthongs and Triphthongs are pronunced like Classical Latin. Vowel length is ignored except in final position where, in Latin can change the function of a substantive and in Arabic words where length is vital.
Kamis, 30 Agustus 2007
Introduction
As one might know, Mozarabic is a continuum of closely related dialects from Late Latin spoken in Andalusia (Muslim Spain). The term 'mozarabic' came from the Arabic term 'musta3rab' or 'arabized' because of the many Arabic influence in it. Some features of the Mozarabic language are:
1. Somewhat more preservative to Latin than any other Romance language.
2. Contains arabic influence such as vocabulary, sometimes to the extent of being macaronic.
3. Written in the Arabic or Hebrew script.
Thus, with such attributes,I try to make Neo-Mozarabic with more precise grammar and closer vocabulary to Latin and Modern Standard Arabic (the arabic in mozarabic vocabulary are somewhat dialectal, i.e. not Qur'anic)
1. Somewhat more preservative to Latin than any other Romance language.
2. Contains arabic influence such as vocabulary, sometimes to the extent of being macaronic.
3. Written in the Arabic or Hebrew script.
Thus, with such attributes,I try to make Neo-Mozarabic with more precise grammar and closer vocabulary to Latin and Modern Standard Arabic (the arabic in mozarabic vocabulary are somewhat dialectal, i.e. not Qur'anic)
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